Footnotes

1. Psalm 5:1 sn Psalm 5 . Appealing to God’s justice and commitment to the godly, the psalmist asks the Lord to intervene and deliver him from evildoers.
2. Psalm 5:1 tn The meaning of the Hebrew word נְחִילוֹת ( n ^e khilot ), which occurs only here, is uncertain. Many relate the form to חָלִיל ( khalil , “flute”).
3. Psalm 5:1 tn Heb “my words.”
4. Psalm 5:1 tn Or “sighing.” The word occurs only here and in Ps 39:3 .
5. Psalm 5:3 sn In the morning is here viewed as the time of prayer ( Pss 59:16 ;   88:13 ) and/or of deliverance ( Ps 30:5 ).
6. Psalm 5:3 tn The imperfect is here understood in a specific future sense; the psalmist is expressing his confidence that God will be willing to hear his request. Another option is to understand the imperfect as expressing the psalmist’s wish or request. In this case one could translate, “   Lord   , in the morning hear me.”
7. Psalm 5:3 tn Heb “my voice.”
8. Psalm 5:3 tn Heb “I will arrange for you.” Some understand a sacrifice or offering as the implied object (cf. NEB “I set out my morning sacrifice”). The present translation assumes that the implied object is the psalmist’s case/request. See Isa 44:7 .
9. Psalm 5:3 tn Heb “and I will watch.”
10. Psalm 5:4 tn Or “for.”
11. Psalm 5:4 tn Heb “not a God [who] delights [in] wickedness [are] you.”
12. Psalm 5:4 tn The Hebrew text has simply the singular form רָע ( raʿ ),which may be taken as an abstract noun “evil” (the reference to “wickedness” in the preceding line favors this; cf. NEB, NASB, NRSV) or as a substantival adjective “evil one” (the references to evil people in the next two verses favor this; cf. NIV “with you the wicked cannot dwell”).
13. Psalm 5:4 tn Heb “cannot dwell as a resident foreigner [with] you.” The negated imperfect verbal form here indicates incapability or lack of permission. These people are morally incapable of dwelling in God’s presence and are not permitted to do so. sn Only the godly are allowed to dwell with the Lord. Evil people are excluded. See Ps 15 .
14. Psalm 5:5 tn Heb “before your eyes.”
15. Psalm 5:5 sn You hate . The   Lord   “hates” the wicked in the sense that he despises their wicked character and deeds and actively opposes and judges them for their wickedness. See Ps 11:5 .
16. Psalm 5:5 tn Heb “all the workers of wickedness.”
17. Psalm 5:6 tn The imperfect verbal form indicates God’s typical response to such individuals. Another option is to translate the verb as future (“You will destroy”); the psalmist may be envisioning a time of judgment when God will remove the wicked from the scene.
18. Psalm 5:6 tn Heb “those who speak a lie.” In the OT a “lie” does not refer in a general philosophical sense to any statement that fails to correspond to reality. Instead it refers more specifically to a slanderous and/or deceitful statement that promotes one’s own selfish, sinful interests and/or exploits or harms those who are innocent. Note the emphasis on violence and deceit in the following line.
19. Psalm 5:6 tn The imperfect verbal form highlights the   Lord   ’s characteristic attitude toward such individuals.
20. Psalm 5:6 tn Heb “a man of bloodshed and deceit.” The singular אִישׁ ( ʾish , “man”) is used here in a collective or representative sense; thus the translation “people” is appropriate here. Note the plural forms in vv. 5-6a .
21. Psalm 5:7 sn But as for me . By placing the first person pronoun at the beginning of the verse, the psalmist highlights the contrast between the evildoers’ actions and destiny, outlined in the preceding verses, with his own.
22. Psalm 5:7 sn I will enter your house . The psalmist is confident that God will accept him into his presence, in contrast to the evildoers (see v. 5 ).
23. Psalm 5:7 tn Heb “in fear [of] you.” The Hebrew noun יִרְאָה ( yirʾah , “fear”), when used of fearing God, is sometimes used metonymically for what it ideally produces: “worship, reverence, piety.”
24. Psalm 5:8 tn God’s providential leading is in view. His צְדָקָה ( ts ^e daqah , “righteousness”) includes here the deliverance that originates in his righteousness; he protects and vindicates the one whose cause is just. For other examples of this use of the word, see BDB 842 s.v.
25. Psalm 5:8 tn Heb “because of those who watch me [with evil intent].” See also Pss 27:11 ;   56:2 .
26. Psalm 5:8 tn Heb “make level before me your way.” The imperative “make level” is Hiphil in the Kethib (consonantal text); Piel in the Qere (marginal reading). God’s “way” is here the way in which he leads the psalmist providentially (see the preceding line, where the psalmist asks the Lord to lead him).
27. Psalm 5:9 tn Or “certainly.”
28. Psalm 5:9 tn Heb “for there is not in his mouth truthfulness.” The singular pronoun (“his”) probably refers back to the “man of bloodshed and deceit” mentioned in v. 6 . The singular is collective or representative, as the plural in the next line indicates, and so has been translated “they.”
29. Psalm 5:9 tn Heb “their inward part[s] [is] destruction.” For a discussion of the extended metaphor in v. 9b , see the note on the word “it” at the end of the verse.
30. Psalm 5:9 tn Heb “their throat is an open grave.” For a discussion of the extended metaphor in v. 9b , see the note on the word “it” at the end of the verse. The metaphor is suggested by the physical resemblance of the human throat to a deeply dug grave; both are dark chasms.
31. Psalm 5:9 tn Heb “they make smooth their tongue.” Flattering, deceitful words are in view. See Ps 12:2 . The psalmist’s deceitful enemies are compared to the realm of death/Sheol in v. 9b . Sheol was envisioned as a dark region within the earth, the entrance to which was the grave with its steep slopes (cf. Ps 88:4-6 ). The enemies’ victims are pictured here as slipping down a steep slope (the enemies’ tongues) and falling into an open grave (their throat) that terminates in destruction in the inner recesses of Sheol (their stomach). The enemies’ קֶרֶב ( qerev , “inward part”) refers here to their thoughts and motives, which are destructive in their intent. The throat is where these destructive thoughts are transformed into words, and their tongue is what they use to speak the deceitful words that lead their innocent victims to their demise. sn As the psalmist walks down the path in which God leads him, he asks the   Lord   to guide his steps and remove danger from the path ( v. 8 ), because he knows his enemies have “dug a grave” for him and are ready to use their deceitful words to “swallow him up” like the realm of death (i.e., Sheol) and bring him to ruin.
32. Psalm 5:10 tn Heb “declare/regard them as guilty.” Declaring the psalmist’s adversaries guilty is here metonymic for judging them or paying them back for their wrongdoing.
33. Psalm 5:10 tn Heb “may they fall from their plans.” The prefixed verbal form is a jussive, expressing an imprecation. The psalmist calls judgment down on the evildoers. Their plans will be their downfall in that God will judge them for their evil schemes.
34. Psalm 5:10 tn Or “banish them.”
35. Psalm 5:10 tn The Hebrew noun used here, פֶּשַׁע ( peshaʿ ), refers to rebellious actions. The psalmist pictures his enemies as rebels against God (see the next line).
36. Psalm 5:11 sn Take shelter . “Taking shelter” in the Lord is an idiom for seeking his protection. Seeking his protection presupposes and even demonstrates the subject’s loyalty to the Lord. In the psalms those who “take shelter” in the Lord are contrasted with the wicked and equated with those who love, fear and serve the Lord ( Pss 5:11-12 ;   31:17-20 ;   34:21-22 ).
37. Psalm 5:11 tn The prefixed verbal form is a jussive of wish or prayer. The psalmist calls on God to reward his faithful followers.
38. Psalm 5:11 tn Or perhaps more hyperbolically, “forever.”
39. Psalm 5:11 tn As in the preceding line, the prefixed verbal form is a jussive of wish or prayer.
40. Psalm 5:11 tn Heb “put a cover over them.” The verb form is a Hiphil imperfect from סָכַךְ ( sakhakh , “cover, shut off”). The imperfect expresses the psalmist’s wish or request.
41. Psalm 5:11 tn Heb “the lovers of your name.” The phrase refers to those who are loyal to the Lord. See Pss 69:36 ;   119:132 ;   Isa 56:6 .
42. Psalm 5:11 tn The vav ( ו ) with prefixed verbal form following the volitional “shelter them” indicates purpose or result (“so that those…may rejoice).
43. Psalm 5:12 tn Or “For.”
44. Psalm 5:12 tn Or “bless.” The imperfect verbal forms here and in the next line highlight how God characteristically rewards and protects the godly.
45. Psalm 5:12 tn Or “innocent.” The singular form is used here in a collective or representative sense.
46. Psalm 5:12 tn Heb “surround.” In 1 Sam 23:26 the verb describes how Saul and his men hemmed David in as they chased him.
47. Psalm 5:12 tn Heb “him.” The singular form is used here in a collective or representative sense and is thus translated “them.”
48. Psalm 5:12 tn Or “with favor” (cf. NRSV). There is no preposition before the noun in the Hebrew text, nor is there a pronoun attached. “Favor” here stands by metonymy for God’s defensive actions on behalf of the one whom he finds acceptable.