Footnotes

1. Psalm 40:1 sn Psalm 40 . The psalmist combines a song of thanksgiving for a recent act of divine deliverance (vv. 1-11) with a confident petition for renewed divine intervention (vv. 12-17).
2. Psalm 40:1 tn Heb “relying, I relied.” The infinitive absolute precedes the finite verbal form to emphasize the verbal idea. The emphasis is reflected in the translation through the adverb “completely.” Another option is to translate, “I waited patiently” (cf. NASB, NIV, NRSV).
3. Psalm 40:2 tn Heb “cistern of roaring.” The Hebrew noun בּוֹר ( bor , “cistern, pit”) is used metaphorically here of Sheol, the place of death, which is sometimes depicted as a raging sea (see Ps 18:4 ,   15-16 ). The noun שָׁאוֹן ( shaʾon , “roaring”) refers elsewhere to the crashing sound of the sea’s waves (see Ps 65:7 ).
4. Psalm 40:2 tn Heb “from the mud of mud.” The Hebrew phrase translated “slimy mud” employs an appositional genitive. Two synonyms are joined in a construct relationship to emphasize the single idea. For a detailed discussion of the grammatical point with numerous examples, see Y. Avishur, “Pairs of Synonymous Words in the Construct State (and in Appositional Hendiadys) in Biblical Hebrew,” Semitics 2 (1971): 17-81.
5. Psalm 40:2 tn Heb “he established my footsteps.”
6. Psalm 40:3 sn A  new song was appropriate because the Lord had intervened in the psalmist’s experience in a fresh and exciting way.
7. Psalm 40:3 tn Heb “and he placed in my mouth a new song, praise to our God.”
8. Psalm 40:3 tn Heb “may many see and fear and trust in the   Lord   .” The translation assumes that the initial prefixed verbal form is a jussive (“may many see”), rather than an imperfect (“many will see”). The following prefixed verbal forms with vav ( ו ) conjunctive are taken as indicating purpose or result (“so that they might swear allegiance…and trust”) after the introductory jussive.
9. Psalm 40:4 tn The Hebrew noun is an abstract plural. The word often refers metonymically to the happiness that God-given security and prosperity produce (see Pss 1:1 ,   3 ;   2:12 ;   34:9 ;   41:1 ;   65:4 ;   84:12 ;   89:15 ;   106:3 ;   112:1 ;   127:5 ;   128:1 ;   144:15 ).
10. Psalm 40:4 tn Heb “man.” See the note on the word “one” in Ps 1:1 .
11. Psalm 40:4 tn Heb “who has made the   Lord   his [object of] trust.”
12. Psalm 40:4 tn Heb “and does not turn toward.”
13. Psalm 40:4 tn Heb “those falling away toward a lie.”
14. Psalm 40:5 tn Heb “many things you have done, you, O   Lord   my God, your amazing deeds and your thoughts toward us.” The precise meaning of the text is not clear, but the psalmist seems to be recalling the Lord’s miraculous deeds on Israel’s behalf (see Pss 9:1 ;   26:7 ), as well as his covenantal decrees and promises (see Ps 33:11 ).
15. Psalm 40:5 tn Heb “there is none arrayed against you.” The precise meaning of the text is unclear, but the collocation עָרַךְ אֶל ( ʿarakh ʾel , “array against”) is used elsewhere of military ( Judg 20:30 ;   1 Chr 19:17 ) or verbal opposition ( Job 32:14 ).
16. Psalm 40:5 tn Heb “I will declare and I will speak, they are too numerous to recount.” The present translation assumes that the cohortatives are used in a hypothetical manner in a formally unmarked conditional sentence, “Should I try to declare [them] and speak [of them]…” (cf. NEB, NIV, NRSV). For other examples of cohortatives in the protasis (“if” clause) of a conditional sentence, see GKC 320 §108. e . (It should be noted, however, that GKC understands this particular verse in a different manner. See GKC 320 §108. f , where it is suggested that the cohortatives are part of an apodosis with the protasis being suppressed.) Another option is to take the cohortatives as a declaration of the psalmist’s resolve to announce the truth expressed in the next line. In this case one might translate: “I will declare and speak [the truth]: They are too numerous to recount.”
17. Psalm 40:6 tn Heb “sacrifice and offering you do not desire.” The statement is exaggerated for the sake of emphasis (see Ps 51:16 as well). God is pleased with sacrifices, but his first priority is obedience and loyalty (see 1 Sam 15:22 ). Sacrifices and offerings apart from genuine allegiance are meaningless (see Isa 1:11-20 ).
18. Psalm 40:6 tn Heb “ears you hollowed out for me.” The meaning of this odd expression is debated (this is the only collocation of “hollowed out” and “ears” in the OT). It may have been an idiomatic expression referring to making a point clear to a listener. The LXX has “but a body you have prepared for me,” a reading which is followed in Heb 10:5 .
19. Psalm 40:7 tn Heb “in the roll of the scroll it is written concerning me.” Apparently the psalmist refers to the law of God (see v. 8 ), which contains the commandments God desires him to obey. If this is a distinctly royal psalm, then the psalmist/king may be referring specifically to the regulations of kingship prescribed in Deut 17:14-20 . See P. C. Craigie, Psalms 1-50 (WBC), 315.
20. Psalm 40:8 tn Or “your will.”
21. Psalm 40:8 tn Heb “your law [is] in the midst of my inner parts.” The “inner parts” are viewed here as the seat of the psalmist’s thought life and moral decision making.
22. Psalm 40:9 sn The great assembly is also mentioned in Pss 22:25 and 35:18 .
23. Psalm 40:9 tn Heb “I proclaim justice in the great assembly.” Though “justice” appears without a pronoun here, the   Lord   ’s just acts are in view (see v. 10 ). His “justice” ( צֶדֶק ,   tsedeq ) is here the deliverance that originates in his justice; he protects and vindicates the one whose cause is just.
24. Psalm 40:9 tn Heb “Look! My lips I do not restrain.”
25. Psalm 40:10 tn Heb “your justice I have not hidden in the midst of my heart.”
26. Psalm 40:10 tn Heb “I have not hidden your loyal love and reliability.”
27. Psalm 40:11 tn Some (cf. NIV, NRSV) translate the verb as a request (“do not withhold”), but elsewhere in the psalms the second masculine singular prefixed form, when addressed to God and preceded by לֹא ( loʾ ), is always indicative in mood and never has the force of a prayer (see Pss 16:10 ;   22:2 ;   44:9 51:16-17 ;   60:10 ;   108:11 ; cf. NEB, NASB).
28. Psalm 40:11 tn In this line the psalmist makes the transition from confidence to petition (see v. 13 ). Since the prefixed verbal form in the preceding line is imperfect/indicative, one could take the verb in this line as imperfect as well and translate, “your loyal love and faithfulness continually protect me” (cf. NEB). However, the כִּי ( ki ) at the beginning of the next verse, if causal (“because”), is best understood as introducing a motivating argument in support of a petition. For this reason v. 11b is best taken as a prayer with the prefixed form being understood as jussive (cf. NIV, NRSV). For parallels to the proposed construction (jussive followed by כִּי + perfect introducing motivating argument), see Ps 25:21 , as well as Pss 10:2-3 ;   22:8 .
29. Psalm 40:12 tn Or “sinful deeds.” The Hebrew term used here can have a nonmoral nuance (“dangers”) or a moral one (“sinful deeds”) depending on the context. The next line (see “my sins”) seems to favor the moral sense, but the psalmist also speaks of enemies shortly after this ( v. 14 ).
30. Psalm 40:12 tn Heb “and my heart abandons me.” The “heart” is here viewed as the seat of emotional strength and courage. For a similar idea see Ps 38:10 .
31. Psalm 40:13 tn Heb “hurry to my help.” See Pss 22:19 ;   38:22 .
32. Psalm 40:14 tn Heb “may they be embarrassed and ashamed together, the ones seeking my life to snatch it away.”
33. Psalm 40:14 tn The four prefixed verbal forms in this verse (“may those…be…embarrassed and ashamed…may those…be turned back and ashamed”) are understood as jussives. The psalmist is calling judgment down on his enemies. sn See Ps 35:4 for a similar prayer.
34. Psalm 40:15 tn The prefixed verbal form is understood as a jussive in this imprecation.
35. Psalm 40:15 tn Heb “May they be humiliated according to their shame, those who say to me, ‘Aha! Aha!’”
36. Psalm 40:16 tn Heb “those who love,” which stands metonymically for its cause, the experience of being delivered by the   Lord   .
37. Psalm 40:16 tn The three prefixed verbal forms prior to the quotation are understood as jussives. The psalmist balances out his imprecation against his enemies with a prayer of blessing upon the godly.
38. Psalm 40:16 tn The prefixed verbal form is taken as a jussive, “may the   Lord   be magnified [in praise].” Another option is to take the verb as an imperfect, “the   Lord   is great” (cf. NRSV). See Ps 35:27 .
39. Psalm 40:17 sn See Pss 35:10 ;   37:14 .
40. Psalm 40:17 tn The prefixed verbal form may be taken as a jussive of prayer (as in the present translation; cf. NIV) or as an imperfect, “The   Lord   will pay attention to me” (cf. NRSV). The parallel in Ps 70:5 has, “O God, hurry to me!” For this reason some prefer to emend יַחֲשָׁב ( yakhashav , “may he pay attention”) to חוּשָׁה ( khushah , “hurry!”). The syntax of the Hebrew text is awkward; elsewhere when the Qal of חָשַׁב ( khashav , “reckon; consider”) is collocated with the preposition ל ( lamed ) and a pronominal suffix there is an accompanying direct object or additional prepositional phrase/adverbial accusative (see Gen 15:6 ;   2 Sam 19:19 ;   Job 13:24 ;   19:11 ;   33:10 ;   Pss 32:2 ;   41:7 ;   Amos 6:5 ).