Footnotes

1. Job 8:1 sn This speech of Bildad ignores Job’s attack on his friends and focuses rather on Job’s comments about God’s justice. Bildad cannot even imagine saying that God is unjust. The only conclusion open to him is that Job’s family brought this on themselves, and so the only recourse is for Job to humble himself and make supplication to God. To make his point, Bildad will appeal to the wisdom of the ancients, for his theology is traditional. The speech has three parts: vv. 2-7 form his affirmation of the justice of God; vv. 8-19 are his appeal to the wisdom of the ancients, and vv. 20-22 are his summation. See N. C. Habel, “Appeal to Ancient Tradition as a Literary Form,” ZAW 88 (1976): 253-72; W. A. Irwin, “The First Speech of Bildad,” ZAW 51 (1953): 205-16.
2. Job 8:2 sn “These things” refers to all of Job’s speech, the general drift of which seems to Bildad to question the justice of God.
3. Job 8:2 tn The second colon of the verse simply says “and a strong wind the words of your mouth.” The simplest way to treat this is to make it an independent nominal sentence: “the words of your mouth are a strong wind.” Some have made it parallel to the first by apposition, understanding “how long” to do double duty. The line beginning with the ו ( vav ) can also be subordinated as a circumstantial clause, as here.
4. Job 8:2 tn The word כַּבִּיר ( kabbir , “great”) implies both abundance and greatness. Here the word modifies “wind”; the point of the analogy is that Job’s words are full of sound but without solid content.
5. Job 8:2 tn See, however, G. R. Driver’s translation, “the breath of one who is mighty are the words of your mouth” (“Hebrew Studies,” JRAS 1948: 170).
6. Job 8:3 tn The Piel verb יְעַוֵּת ( y ^e ʿavvet ) means “to bend; to cause to swerve from the norm; to deviate; to pervert.” The LXX renders the first colon as “will the Lord be unjust when he judges?”
7. Job 8:3 tn The first word is מִשְׁפָּת ( mishpat , “justice”). It can mean an act of judgment, place of judgment, or what is just, that is, the outcome of the decision. It basically describes an umpire’s decision. The parallel word is צֶדֶק ( tsedeq , “righteousness,” or “what is right”). The basic idea here is that which conforms to the standard, what is right. See S. H. Scholnick, “The Meaning of Mishpat in the Book of Job,” JBL 101 (1982): 521-29.
8. Job 8:3 tn Some commentators think that the second verb should be changed in order to avoid the repetition of the same word and to reflect the different words in the versions. The suggestion is to read יְעַוֵּה ( y ^e ʿavveh ) instead; this would mean “to cause someone to deviate,” for the root means “to bend.” The change is completely unwarranted; the LXX probably chose different words for stylistic reasons (see D. J. A. Clines, Job [WBC], 198). The repetition in the Hebrew text is a common type; it strengthens the enormity of the charge Job seems to be making.
9. Job 8:4 tn The AV and RV take the protasis down to the middle of v. 6 . The LXX changes the “if” at the beginning of v. 5 to “then” and makes that verse the apodosis. If the apodosis comes in the second half of v. 4 , then v. 4 would be a complete sentence (H. H. Rowley, Job [NCBC], 71; A. B. Davidson, Job , 60). The particle אִם ( ʾim ) has the sense of “since” in this section.
10. Job 8:4 tn The verb is a Piel preterite with a vav ( ו ) consecutive. The ו ( vav ) need not be translated if the second half of the verse is the apodosis of the first—since they sinned…he did this. The verb שִׁלֵּחַ ( shilleakh ) means “to expel; to thrust out” normally; here the sense of “deliver up” or “deliver over” fits the sentence well. The verse is saying that sin carries its own punishment, and so God merely delivered the young people over to it.
11. Job 8:4 tn Heb “into the hand of their rebellion.” The word “hand” often signifies “power.” The rebellious acts have the power to destroy, and so that is what happened—according to Bildad. Bildad’s point is that Job should learn from what happened to his family.
12. Job 8:5 tn “But” is supplied to show the contrast between this verse and the preceding line.
13. Job 8:5 tn The verb שִׁחַר ( shikhar ) means “to seek; to seek earnestly” (see 7:21 ). With the preposition אֶל ( ʾel ) the verb may carry the nuance of “to address; to have recourse to” (see E. Dhorme, Job , 114). The LXX connected it etymologically to “early” and read, “Be early in prayer to the Lord Almighty.”
14. Job 8:5 tn The verb תִּתְחַנָּן ( titkhannan ) means “to make supplication; to seek favor; to seek grace” (from חָנַן ,  khanan ). Bildad is saying that there is only one way for Job to escape the same fate as his children—he must implore God’s mercy. Job’s speech had spoken about God’s seeking him and not finding him, but Bildad is speaking of the importance of Job’s seeking God.
15. Job 8:6 tn A verb form needs to be supplied here. Bildad is not saying to Job, “If you are pure [as you say you are].” Bildad is convinced that Job is a sinner. Therefore, “If you become pure” makes more sense here.
16. Job 8:6 tn Or “innocent” (i.e., acquitted).
17. Job 8:6 tn Many commentators delete this colon as a moralizing gloss on v. 5 , but the phrase makes good sense and simply serves as another condition. Besides, the expression is in the LXX.
18. Job 8:6 tn The verb יָעִיר ( yaʿir , “rouse, stir up”) is a strong anthropomorphism. The LXX has “he will answer your prayer” (which is probably only the LXX’s effort to avoid the anthropomorphism [D. J. A. Clines, Job (WBC), 198]). A reading of “watch over you” has been adopted because of parallel texts (see H. L. Ginsberg, “Two North Canaanite Letters from Ugarit,” BASOR 72 [1938]: 18-19; and H. N. Richardson, “A Ugaritic Letter of a King to His Mother,” JBL 66 [1947]: 321-24). Others suggest “his light will shine on you” or “he will bestow health on you.” But the idea of “awake” is common enough in the Bible to be retained here.
19. Job 8:6 tn The Piel of שָׁלַם ( shalam ) means “to make good; to repay; to restore something to its wholeness; to reestablish.” The best understanding here would be “restore [Job] to his place.” Some take the verb in the sense of “reward [Job himself] with a righteous habitation.”
20. Job 8:6 tn The construct נְוַת ( n ^e vat ) is feminine; only the masculine occurs in Hebrew. But the meaning “abode of your righteousness” is clear enough. The righteousness of Job is pictured as inhabiting an estate, or it pictures the place where Job lives as a righteous man. A translation “rightful habitation” would mean “the habitation that you deserve”—if you are righteous.
21. Job 8:7 tn The reference to “your beginning” is a reference to Job’s former estate of wealth and peace. The reference to “latter end” is a reference to conditions still in the future. What Job had before will seem so small in comparison to what lies ahead.
22. Job 8:7 tn The verb has the idea of “to grow”; here it must mean “to flourish; to grow considerably” or the like. The statement is not so much a prophecy; rather Bildad is saying that “if Job had recourse to God, then….” This will be fulfilled, of course, at the end of the book.
23. Job 8:8 sn Bildad is not calling for Job to trace through the learning of antiquity, but of the most recent former generation. Hebrews were fond of recalling what the “fathers” had taught, for each generation recalled what their fathers had taught.
24. Job 8:8 tn The verb כוֹנֵן ( khonen , from כּוּן ,  kun ) normally would indicate “prepare yourself” or “fix” one’s heart on something, i.e., give attention to it. The verb with the ל ( lamed ) preposition after it does mean “to think on” or “to meditate” ( Isa 51:13 ). But some commentators wish to change the כ ( kaf ) to a ב ( bet ) in the verb to get “to consider” (from בִּין ,   bin ). However, M. Dahood shows a connection between כנן ( knn ) and שׁאל ( shʾl ) in Ugaritic (“Hebrew-Ugaritic Lexicography,” Bib 46 [1965]: 329).
25. Job 8:8 tn The Hebrew has “the search of their fathers,” but the word is probably intended to mean what that observation or search yielded (so “search” is a metonymy of cause).
26. Job 8:8 tn Heb “fathers.”
27. Job 8:9 tn The Hebrew has “we are of yesterday,” the adverb functioning as a predicate. Bildad’s point is that they have not had time to acquire great knowledge because they are recent.
28. Job 8:9 tn E. Dhorme ( Job , 116) observes that the shadow is the symbol of ephemeral things ( 14:2 ;   17:7 ;   Ps 144:4 ). The shadow passes away quickly (116).
29. Job 8:10 tn The sentence begins emphatically: “Is it not they.”
30. Job 8:10 tn The “and” is not present in the line. The second clause seems to be in apposition to the first, explaining it more thoroughly: “Is it not they [who] will instruct you, [who] will speak to you.”
31. Job 8:10 tn The noun may have been left indeterminate for the sake of emphasis (GKC 401-2 §125. c ), meaning “important words.”
32. Job 8:10 tn Heb “from their heart.”
33. Job 8:11 sn H. H. Rowley observes the use of the words for plants that grow in Egypt and suspects that Bildad either knew Egypt or knew that much wisdom came from Egypt. The first word refers to papyrus, which grows to a height of six feet (so the verb means “to grow tall; to grow high”). The second word refers to the reed grass that grows on the banks of the river (see Gen 41:2 ,   18 ).
34. Job 8:11 tn The two verbs, גָּאָה ( gaʾah ) and שָׂגָה ( sagah ), have almost the same meanings of “flourish, grow, become tall.”
35. Job 8:12 tn The word has been traditionally translated “greenness” (so KJV, ASV), but some modern commentators argue for “in flower.” The word is found only in Song 6:11 (where it may be translated “blossoms”). From the same root is אָבִיב ( ʾaviv , “fresh young ears of barley”). Here the word refers to the plant that is still in its early stages of flowering. It should not be translated to suggest the plant is flowering (so NRSV), but translating as if the plant is green (so NASB) is also problematic.
36. Job 8:12 sn The idea is that as the plant begins to flower, but before it is to be cut down, there is no sign of withering or decay in it. But if the water is withdrawn, it will wither sooner than any other herb. The point Bildad will make of this is that when people rebel against God and his grace is withheld, they perish more swiftly than the water reed.
37. Job 8:12 tn The imperfect verb here is the modal use of potential, “can wither away” if the water is not there.
38. Job 8:12 tn Heb “before.”
39. Job 8:12 tn The LXX interprets the line: “does not any herb wither before it has received moisture?”
40. Job 8:13 tn The word אָרְחוֹת ( ʾorkhot ) means “ways” or “paths” in the sense of tracks of destiny or fate. The word דֶּרֶךְ ( derekh , “way, road, path”) is used in a similar way ( Isa 40:27 ;   Ps 37:5 ). However, many commentators emend the text to read אַחֲרִית ( ʾakharit , “end”) in harmony with the LXX. But Prov 1:19 (if not emended as well) confirms the primary meaning here without changing the text (see D. J. A. Clines, Job [WBC], 199).
41. Job 8:13 tn The word חָנֵף ( khanef ) is often translated “hypocrite.” But the root verb means “to be profane,” and this would be done by idolatry or bloodshed. It describes an irreligious person, a godless person. In Dan 11:32 the word seems to mean “make someone pagan.” The word in this verse is parallel to “those who forget God.”
42. Job 8:14 tn The relative pronoun introduces the verse as a relative clause, working with the “godless person” of the preceding verse. The relative pronoun is joined to the resumptive pronoun in the translation: “who + his trust” = “whose trust.”
43. Job 8:14 tn The noun כֶּסֶל ( kesel ) in this half of the verse must correspond to “his security” in the second half. The meaning must be “his trust” (see 4:6 ). The two words will again be parallel in 31:24 .
44. Job 8:14 tn The word יָקוֹט ( yaqot ) is not known anywhere else; here it looks like it should be a noun to parallel “spider’s house” in the next colon. But scholars have tried to identify it as a verb, perhaps an imperfect of קוֹט ( qot , BDB 876 s.v.), or related to an Arabic qatta , “to cut.” Some versions have “break in sunder” (ASV, RV); others “cut off” (RSV). Apart from verbs, some commentators follow Sa`adia’s Arabic translation “sun cords,” meaning “gossamer.” Accordingly, there are emendations like “threads,” “threads of summer,” “spider threads,” and the like. D. J. A. Clines agrees with those who conclude that emendations based on Sa`adia’s translation lack a sound philological basis. E. Dhorme “somewhat timidly” suggests יַלְקוּט ( yalqut ), the shepherd’s bag or scrip ( 1 Sam 17:40 ). He suggests that an empty bag would be a symbol of something unstable and futile. It seems impossible to determine exactly what the word meant. One can only conclude that it means something like “fragile” or “futile.” The LXX is of no help: “for his house shall be without inhabitants.”
45. Job 8:14 sn The second half of the verse is very clear. What the godless person relies on for security is as fragile as a spider’s web—he may as well have nothing. The people of the Middle East view the spider’s web as the frailest of all “houses.”
46. Job 8:15 tn The verb עָמַד ( ʿamad , “to stand”) is almost synonymous with the parallel קוּם ( qum , “to rise; to stand”). The distinction is that the former means “to remain standing” (so it is translated here “hold up”), and the latter “rise, stand up.”
47. Job 8:15 sn The idea is that he grabs hold of the house, not to hold it up, but to hold himself up or support himself. But it cannot support him. This idea applies to both the spider’s web and the false security of the pagan.
48. Job 8:16 tn The figure now changes to a plant that is flourishing and spreading and then suddenly cut off. The word רָטַב ( ratav ) means “to be moist; to be watered.” The word occurs in Arabic, Aramaic, and Akkadian, but only twice in the Bible: here as the adjective and in 24:8 as the verb.
49. Job 8:16 tn The Hebrew is לִפְנֵי ( lifne , “before”). Does this mean “in the presence of the sun,” i.e., under a sweltering sun, or “before” the sun rises? It seems more natural to take לִפְנֵי ( lifne ) as “in the presence of” or “under.”
50. Job 8:16 tn Heb “its shoot goes out.”
51. Job 8:16 tc Some have emended this phrase to obtain “over the roofs.” The LXX has “out of his corruption.” H. M. Orlinsky has shown that this reading arose from an internal LXX change, saprias having replaced prasias , “garden” ( JQR 26 [1935/36]: 134-35).
52. Job 8:17 tn Cheyne reads “spring” or “well” rather than “heap.” However, this does not fit the parallelism very well, and so he emends the second half as well. Nevertheless the Hebrew text needs no emending here.
53. Job 8:17 tn The idea is that the plant grows, looking for a place to grow among the stones. Some trees grow so tightly around the rocks and stones that they are impossible to uproot. The rocky ground where it grows forms “a house of stones.” The LXX supports an emendation from יְחֱזֶה ( y ^e khezeh , “it looks”) to יִחְיֶה ( yikhyeh , “it lives”). Others have tried to emend the text in a variety of ways: “pushes” (Budde), “cleave” (Gordis), “was opposite” (Driver), or “run against” (NEB, probably based on G. R. Driver). If one were to make a change, the reading with the LXX would be the easiest to defend, but there is no substantial reason to do that. The meaning is about the same without such a change.
54. Job 8:17 sn The idea seems to be that the stones around which the roots of the tree wrap themselves suggest strength and security for the tree, but uprooting comes to it nevertheless ( v. 18 ). The point is that the wicked may appear to be living in security and flourishing, yet can be quickly destroyed (H. H. Rowley, Job [NCBC], 74).
55. Job 8:18 tc Ball reads אֵל ( ʾel , “God”) instead of אִם ( ʾim , “if”): “God destroys it”—but there is no reason for this. The idea would be implied in the context. A. B. Davidson rightly points out that who destroys it is not important, but the fact that it is destroyed. tn The Hebrew has “if one destroys it”; the indefinite subject allows for a passive interpretation. The verb means “swallow” in the Qal, but in the Piel it means “to engulf; to destroy; to ruin” ( 2:3 ;   10:8 ). It could here be rendered “removed from its place” (the place where it is rooted); since the picture is that of complete destruction, “uprooted” would be a good rendering.
56. Job 8:18 tn Heb “it”; the referent (“his place” in the preceding line) has been specified in the translation for clarity. sn The place where the plant once grew will deny ever knowing it. Such is the completeness of the uprooting that there is not a trace left.
57. Job 8:18 tn Here “saying” is supplied in the translation.
58. Job 8:19 tn This line is difficult. If the MT stands as it is, the expression must be ironic. It would be saying that the joy (all the security and prosperity) of its way (its life) is short-lived—that is the way its joy goes. Most commentators are not satisfied with this. Dhorme, for one, changes מְשׂוֹשׂ ( m ^e sos , “joy”) to מְסוֹס ( m ^e sos , “rotting”), and gets “behold him lie rotting on the path.” The sibilants can interchange this way. But Dhorme thinks the MT was written the way it was because the word was thought to be “joy,” when it should have been the other way. The word “way” then becomes an accusative of place. The suggestion is rather compelling and would certainly fit the context. The difficulty is that a root סוּס ( sus , “to rot”) has to be proposed. E. Dhorme does this by drawing on Arabic sas , “to be eaten by moths or worms,” thus “worm-eaten; decaying; rotting.” Cf. NIV “its life withers away”; also NAB “there he lies rotting beside the road.”
59. Job 8:19 tn Heb “dust.”
60. Job 8:19 sn As with the tree, so with the godless man—his place will soon be taken by another.
61. Job 8:20 sn This is the description that the book gave to Job at the outset, a description that he deserved according to God’s revelation. The theme “God will not reject the blameless man” becomes Job’s main point (see 9:20-21 ;   10:3 ).
62. Job 8:20 sn The idiom “to grasp the hand” of someone means to support or help the person.
63. Job 8:21 tn The word עַד ( ʿad , “until”) would give the reading “until he fills your mouth with laughter,” subordinating the verse to the preceding with some difficulty in interpretation. It would be saying that God will not reject the blameless man until he filled Job with joy. Almost all commentators and modern versions change the pointing to עוֹד ( ʿod , “yet”), forming a hope for the future blessing of joy for Job.
64. Job 8:21 sn “Laughter” (and likewise “gladness”) will here be metonymies of effect or adjunct, being put in place of the reason for the joy—restoration.
65. Job 8:22 sn These verses show several points of similarity with the style of the book of Psalms. “Those who hate you” and the “evil-doers” are fairly common words to describe the ungodly in the Psalms. “Those who hate you” are enemies of the righteous man because of the parallelism in the verse. By this line Bildad is showing Job that he and his friends are not among those who are his enemies, and that Job himself is really among the righteous. It is an appealing way to end the discourse. See further G. W. Anderson, “Enemies and Evil-doers in the Book of Psalms,” BJRL 48 (1965/66): 18-29.
66. Job 8:22 tn “Shame” is compared to a garment that can be worn. The “shame” envisioned here is much more than embarrassment or disgrace—it is utter destruction. For parallels in the Psalms, see Pss 35:26 ;   132:18 ;   109:29 .