Footnotes

1. Ecclesiastes 3:1 tn Verse 1 is arranged in an ABB’A’ chiasm ( לַכֹּל זְמָן וְעֵת לְכָל־חֵפֶץ ,   lakkol z ^e man v ^e ʿet l ^e khol khefets ): (A) “for everything”; (B) “a season”; (B’) “a time”; (A’) “for every matter.” The terms “season” ( זְמָן ,  z ^e man ) and “time” ( עֵת ,  ʿet ) are parallel. In the light of its parallelism with “every matter” ( כָל־חֵפֶץ ,  khol khefets ), the term “everything” ( כָל ,  khol ) must refer to events and situations in life.
2. Ecclesiastes 3:1 tn The noun זְמָן ( z ^e man ) denotes “appointed time” or “appointed hour” ( HALOT 273 s.v. זְמָן ; BDB 273 s.v. זְמָן ; see Eccl 3:1 ;   Esth 9:27 ,   31 ;   Neh 2:6 ;   Sir 43:7 ), e.g., the appointed or designated time for the Jewish feasts ( Esth 9:27 ,   31 ), the length of time that Nehemiah set for his absence from Susa ( Neh 2:6 ), and the appointed times in the Jewish law for the months to begin ( Sir 43:7 ). It is used in parallelism with מועד (“appointed time”), i.e., מועד ירח (“the appointed time of the moon”) parallels זמני חק (“the appointed times of the law”; Sir 43:7 ). The related verb, a Pual of זָמַן ( zaman ), means “to be appointed” ( HALOT 273 s.v. זְמָן ); e.g. Ezra 10:14 ;   Neh 10:35 ;   13:31 . These terms may be related to the noun I זִמָּה ( zimmah , “plan; intention”; Job 17:11 ;  HALOT 272 s.v. I זִמָּה ) and מְזִמָּה ( m ^e zimmah , “purpose; plan; project”), e.g., the purposes of God ( Job 42:2 ;   Jer 23:20 ;   30:24 ;   51:11 ) and man’s plan ( Isa 5:12 ); see HALOT 566 s.v. מְזִמָּה ; BDB 273 s.v. מְזִמָּה . sn Verses 1-8 refer to God’s appointed time-table for human activities or actions whose most appropriate time is determined by men. Verses 9-15 state that God is ultimately responsible for the time in which events in human history occur. This seems to provide a striking balance between the sovereignty of God and the responsibility of man. Man does what God has willed, but man also does what he “pleases” (see note on the word “matter” in 3:1 ).
3. Ecclesiastes 3:1 tn The noun עֵת ( ʿet , “point in time”) has a basic two-fold range of meanings: (1) “time of an event” and (2) “time for an event” (BDB 773 s.v. עֵת ). The latter has subcategories: (a) “usual time,” (b) “the proper, suitable or appropriate time,” (c) “the appointed time,” and (d) “uncertain time” ( Eccl 9:11 ). Here it connotes “a proper, suitable time for an event” ( HALOT 900 s.v. עֵת 6; BDB s.v. עֵת 2.b). Examples: “the time for rain” ( Ezra 10:13 ), “a time of judgment for the nations” ( Ezek 30:3 ), “an appropriate time for every occasion” ( Eccl 3:1 ), “the time when mountain goats are born” ( Job 39:1 ), “the rain in its season” ( Deut 11:14 ;   Jer 5:24 ), “the time for the harvest” ( Hos 2:11 ;   Ps 1:3 ), “food in its season” ( Ps 104:27 ), “no one knows his hour of destiny” ( Eccl 9:12 ), “the right moment” ( Eccl 8:5 ); cf. HALOT 900 s.v. עֵת 6.
4. Ecclesiastes 3:1 tn The noun חֵפֶץ ( khefets , here “matter, business”) has a broad range of meanings: (1) “delight; joy,” (2) “desire; wish; longing,” (3) “the good pleasure; will; purpose,” (4) “precious stones” (i.e., jewelry), i.e., what someone takes delight in, and (5) “matter; business,” as a metonymy of adjunct to what someone takes delight in ( Eccl 3:1 ,   17 ;   5:7 ;   8:6 ;   Isa 53:10 ;   58:3 ,   13 ;   Pss 16:3 ;   111:2 ;   Prov 31:13 ); see HALOT 340 s.v. חֵפֶץ 4; BDB 343 s.v. חֵפֶץ 4. It is also sometimes used in reference to the “good pleasure” of God, that is, his sovereign plan, e.g., Judg 13:23 ;   Isa 44:28 ;   46:10 ;   48:14 (BDB 343 s.v. חֵפֶץ ). While the theme of the sovereignty of God permeates Eccl 3:1-4:3 , the content of 3:1-8 refers to human activities that are planned and purposed by man. The LXX translated it with πράγματι ( pragmati , “matter”). The term is translated variously by modern English versions: “every purpose” (KJV, ASV), “every event” (NASB), “every delight” (NASB margin), “every affair” (NAB), “every matter” (RSV, NRSV), “every activity” (NEB, NIV), “every project” (MLB), and “every experience” (NJPS).
5. Ecclesiastes 3:1 tn Heb “under heaven.”
6. Ecclesiastes 3:2 tn The verb יָלָד ( yalad , “to bear”) is used in the active sense of a mother giving birth to a child ( HALOT 413 s.v. ילד ; BDB 408 s.v. יָלָד ). However, in light of its parallelism with “a time to die,” it should be taken as a metonymy of cause (i.e., to give birth to a child) for effect (i.e., to be born).
7. Ecclesiastes 3:2 sn In 3:2-8 , Qoheleth uses fourteen sets of merisms (a figure using polar opposites to encompass everything in between, that is, totality), e.g., Deut 6:6-9 ;   Ps 139:2-3 (see E. W. Bullinger, Figures of Speech , 435).
8. Ecclesiastes 3:6 tn The term לְאַבֵּד ( l ^e ʾabbed , Piel infinitive construct from אָבַד ,  ʾavad , “to destroy”) means “to lose” (e.g., Jer 23:1 ) as the contrast with בָּקַשׁ ( baqash , “to seek to find”) indicates ( HALOT 3 s.v. I אבד ; BDB 2 s.v. אבד 3). This is the declarative or delocutive-estimative sense of the Piel: “to view something as lost” (R. J. Williams, Hebrew Syntax , 28, §145; IBHS 403 §24.2g).
9. Ecclesiastes 3:9 tn The term הָעוֹשֶׂה ( haʿoseh , article plus Qal active participle ms from עָשַׂה ,  ʿasah , “to do”) functions substantively (“the worker”); see BDB 794 s.v. עָשַׂה II.1. This is a figurative description of man (metonymy of association), and plays on the repetition of עָשַׂה (verb: “to do,” noun: “work”) throughout the passage. In the light of God’s orchestration of human affairs, man’s efforts cannot change anything. It refers to man in general with the article functioning in a generic sense (see IBHS 244-45 §13.5.1f; Joüon 2:511 §137.m).
10. Ecclesiastes 3:9 sn This rhetorical question is an example of negative affirmation, expecting a negative answer: “Man gains nothing from his toil!” (see E. W. Bullinger, Figures of Speech , 949-51). Any advantage that man might gain from his toil is nullified by his ignorance of divine providence.
11. Ecclesiastes 3:10 tn Heb “the sons of man.”
12. Ecclesiastes 3:11 sn The Hebrew adjective translated beautifully functions as a metonymy of effect (i.e., to appear beautiful) for cause (i.e., to make it fit): “to fit beautifully.” It is used in parallelism with Qoheleth’s term for evaluation: טוֹב ( tov , “good”) in 5:17 .
13. Ecclesiastes 3:11 tn The word “but” does not appear in the Hebrew text, but is supplied in the translation for clarity.
14. Ecclesiastes 3:11 tn Heb “darkness”; perhaps “eternity” or “the future.” The meaning of the noun עֹלָם ( ʿolam ) is debated. It may mean: (1) “ignorance”; (2) a time reference: (a) “eternity” or (b) “the future”; or (3) “knowledge” (less likely). The arguments for these options may be summarized: (1) Most suggest that עֹלָם is the defectively written form of עוֹלָם “duration; eternity” (e.g., Eccl 1:4 ;   2:16 ;   3:14 ;   9:6 ;   12:5 ); see BDB 762 s.v. III עוֹלָם 2.k. Within this school of interpretation, there are several varieties: (a) BDB 762 s.v. III עוֹלָם 2.k suggests that here it denotes “age [i.e., duration] of the world,” which is attested in postbiblical Hebrew. The term III עֹלָם “eternity” = “world” (Jastrow 1084 s.v. עָלַם III) is used in this sense in postbiblical Hebrew, mostly in reference to the Messianic age, or the world to come (e.g., Tg .   Genesis 9:16 ;  Tg. Onq .   Exodus 21:6 ;  Tg .   Psalms 61:7 ). For example, “the world ( עֹלָם ) shall last six thousand years, and after one thousand years it shall be laid waste” ( b. Rosh HaShanah 31a) and “the world ( עֹלָם ) to come” ( b. Sotah 10b). The LXX and the Vulgate took the term in this sense. This approach was also adopted by several English translations: “the world” (KJV, Douay, ASV margin). (b) HALOT 799 s.v. עוֹלָם 5 and THAT 2:242 suggest that the term refers to an indefinite, unending future: “eternity future” or “enduring state referring to past and future” (see also BDB 762 s.v. III עוֹלָם 2.i). In this sense, the noun עֹלָם functions as a metonymy of association: “a sense of eternity,” but not in a philosophical sense (see J. Barr, Biblical Words for Time [SBT], 117, n. 4). This approach is supported by three factors: (i) the recurrence of עוֹלָם (“eternity”) in 3:14 , (ii) the temporal qualification of the statement in the parallel clause (“from beginning to end”), and (iii) by the ordinary meaning of the noun as “eternity” ( HALOT 798-799 s.v. עוֹלָם ). The point would be that God has endowed man with an awareness of the extra-temporal significance of himself and his accomplishments (D. R. Glenn, “Ecclesiastes,” BKCOT , 984). This is the most frequent approach among English versions: “the timeless” (NAB), “eternity” (RSV, MLB, ASV, NASB, NIV, NJPS), “a sense of time past and time future” (NEB), and “a sense of past and future” (NRSV). (c) Other scholars suggest that עוֹלָם simply refers to the indefinite future: “the future,” that is, things to come (e.g., HALOT 799 s.v. עוֹלָם 2; BDB 762 s.v. III עוֹלָם 2.a; THAT 2:241). The plural עֹלָמִים ( ʿolamim , “things to come”) was used in this sense in Eccl 1:10 (e.g., 1 Kgs 8:13 =   2 Chr 6:2 ;   Pss 61:5 ;   77:8 ;   145:13 ;   Dan 9:24 ; cf. HALOT 799 s.v. עוֹלָם 2). The point would simply be that God has not only ordained all the events that will take place in man’s life ( 3:1-8 ), but also preoccupies man with the desire to discover what will happen in the future in terms of the orchestration or timing of these events in his life ( 3:9-11 ). This fits well with the description of God’s orchestration of human events in their most appropriate time ( 3:1-10 ) and the ignorance of man concerning his future ( 3:11b ). Elsewhere, Qoheleth emphasizes that man cannot learn what the future holds in store for him (e.g., 8:7 ,   17 ). This approach is only rarely adopted: “the future” (NJPS margin). (2) The second view is that עֹלָם is not defectively written עוֹלָם (“eternity”) but the segholate noun II עֶלֶם ( ʿelem ) that means “dark” (literal) or “ignorance; obscurity; secrecy” (figurative). The related noun תַּעֲלֻמָה ( taʿalumah ) means “hidden thing; secret,” and the related verb עָלַם ( ʿalam ) means “to hide; to conceal” (BDB 761 s.v. I עָלַם ;  HALOT 834-35 s.v. עלם ). This is related to the Ugaritic noun “dark” and the Akkadian verb “to be black; to be dark” (see HALOT 834-35 s.v. עלם ). In postbiblical Hebrew the root II עֶלֶם means (i) “secret” and (ii) “forgetfulness” (Jastrow 1084 s.v. עֶלֶם I). Thus the verse would mean that God has “obscured” man’s knowledge so that he cannot discover certain features of God’s program. This approach is adopted by Moffatt which uses the word “mystery.” Similarly, the term may mean “forgetfulness,” that is, God has plagued man with “forgetfulness” so that he cannot understand what God has done from the beginning to the end (e.g., Eccl 1:11 ). (3) The third view (Delitzsch) is to relate עֹלָם to a cognate Arabic root meaning “knowledge.” The point would be that God has endowed man with “knowledge,” but not enough for man to discover God’s eternal plan. This approach is only rarely adopted: “knowledge” (YLT).
15. Ecclesiastes 3:11 tn Heb “in their heart.” The Hebrew term translated heart functions as a metonymy of association for man’s intellect, emotions, and will (BDB 524-25 s.v. לֵב 3-6, 9). Here, it probably refers to man’s intellectual capacities, as v. 11 suggests.
16. Ecclesiastes 3:11 tn The compound preposition מִבְּלִי ( mibb ^e li , preposition מִן [ min ] + negative particle בְּלִי [ b ^e li ]) is used as a conjunction here. Elsewhere, it can express cause: “because there is no [or is not]” (e.g., Deut 9:28 ;   28:55 ;   Isa 5:13 ;   Ezek 34:5 ;   Lam 1:4 ;   Hos 4:6 ), consequence: “so that there is no [or is not]” (e.g., Ezek 14:5 ;   Jer 2:15 ;   9:9-11 ;   Zeph 3:6 ), or simple negation: “without” (e.g., Job 4:11 ,   20 ;   6:6 ;   24:7-8 ;   31:19 ). BDB 115 s.v. בְּלִי 3.c. β suggests the negative consequence: “so that not,” while HALOT 133 s.v. בְּלִי 5 suggests the simple negation: “without the possibility of.”
17. Ecclesiastes 3:11 tn Heb “man.”
18. Ecclesiastes 3:11 tn Heb “the work that God has done.” The phrase אֶת־הַמַּעֲשֶׂה אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂה ( ʾet hammaʿaseh ʾasher ʿasah , “the work which he [i.e., God] has done”) is an internal cognate accusative (direct object and verb are from the same root), used for emphasis (see IBHS 167 §10.2.1g). The repetition of the verb עָשַׂה (“to do”) in 3:11 and 3:14 suggests that this phrase refers to God’s foreordination of all the events and timing of human affairs: God has “made” ( = “foreordained”; עָשַׂה ) everything appropriate in his sovereign timing ( 3:11a ), and all that God has “done” ( = “foreordained”; עָשַׂה ) will come to pass ( 3:14 ). Thus, the verb עָשַׂה functions as a metonymy of effect (i.e., God’s actions) for cause (i.e., God’s sovereign foreordination). The temporal clause “from beginning to end” ( 3:11 ) supports this nuance.
19. Ecclesiastes 3:11 tn Traditionally, “what God has done from the beginning to the end.” The temporal clause מֵרֹאשׁ וְעַד־סוֹף ( meroʾsh v ^e ʿad-sof , “from the beginning to the end”) is traditionally taken in reference to “eternity” (the traditional understanding of הָעֹלָם [ haʿolam ] earlier in the verse; see the note on “ignorance”), e.g., KJV, NEB, NAB, ASV, NASB, NIV, RSV, NRSV. However, if הָעֹלָם simply denotes “the future” (e.g., HALOT 799 s.v. עוֹלָם 2; BDB 762 s.v. III עוֹלָם 2.a; THAT 2:241), this temporal clause would refer to the events God has ordained to transpire in an individual’s life, from beginning to end. This approach is adopted by one English version: “but without man ever guessing, from first to last, all the things that God brings to pass” (NJPS). This would fit well in the context begun in 3:1 with the fourteen merisms encompassing man’s life, starting with “a time to be born” (i.e., from the beginning in 3:11 ) and concluding with “a time to die” (i.e., to the end in 3:11 ). This approach is also supported by the admonition of 3:12-13 , namely, since no one knows what will happen to him in the future days of his life, Qoheleth recommends that man enjoy each day as a gift from God.
20. Ecclesiastes 3:11 tn The phrase “of their lives” does not appear in the Hebrew text, but is supplied in the translation for clarity.
21. Ecclesiastes 3:12 tn Heb “I know.”
22. Ecclesiastes 3:12 tn Heb “for them”; the referent (people, i.e., mankind) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
23. Ecclesiastes 3:12 tn Qoheleth uses the exceptive particle כִּי אִם ( ki ʾim , “except”) to identify the only exception to the futility within man’s life (BDB 474 s.v. כִּי 2).
24. Ecclesiastes 3:12 tn Heb “to do good.” The phrase לַעֲשׂוֹת טוֹב ( laʿasot tov ) functions idiomatically for “to experience [or see] happiness [or joy].” The verb עָשַׂה ( ʿasah ) probably denotes “to acquire; to obtain” (BDB 795 s.v. עָשַׂה II.7), and טוֹב ( tov ) means “good; pleasure; happiness,” e.g., Eccl 2:24 ;   3:13 ;   5:17 (BDB 375 s.v. טוֹב 1).
25. Ecclesiastes 3:13 tn Heb “for it.” The referent of the third person feminine singular independent person pronoun (“it”) is probably the preceding statement: “to eat, drink, and find satisfaction.” This would be an example of an anacoluthon (GKC 505-6 §167. b ). Thus the present translation uses “these things” to indicate the reference back to the preceding.
26. Ecclesiastes 3:15 tn The phrase “to do again” does not appear in the Hebrew text, but is supplied in the translation for clarity.
27. Ecclesiastes 3:15 tn Heb “God will seek that which is driven away.” The meaning of יְבַקֵּשׁ אֶת־נִרְדָּף ( y ^e vaqqesh ʾet nirdaf ) is difficult to determine: יְבַקֵּשׁ ( y ^e vaqqesh ) is Piel imperfect third person masculine singular from בָּקַשׁ ( baqash , “to seek”) and נִרְדָּף ( nirdaf ) is a Niphal participle third person masculine singular from רָדַף ( radaf , “to drive away”). There are several options: (1) God watches over the persecuted: יְבַקֵּשׁ (“seeks”) functions as a metonymy of cause for effect (i.e., to protect), and אֶת־נִרְדָּף (“what is driven away”) refers to “those who are persecuted.” But this does not fit the context. (2) God will call the past to account: יְבַקֵּשׁ functions as a metonymy of cause for effect (i.e., to hold accountable), and אֶת־נִרְדָּף is a metonymy of attribute (i.e., the past). This approach is adopted by several English translations: “God requires that which is past” (KJV), “God will call the past to account” (NIV) and “God summons each event back in its turn” (NEB). (3) God finds what has been lost: יְבַקֵּשׁ functions as a metonymy of cause for effect (i.e., to find), and אֶת־נִרְדָּף refers to what has been lost: “God restores what would otherwise be displaced” (NAB). (4) God repeats what has already occurred: יְבַקֵּשׁ functions as a metonymy of effect (i.e., to repeat), and אֶת־נִרְדָּף is a metonymy (i.e., that which has occurred). This fits the context and provides a tight parallel with the preceding line: “That which is has already been, and that which will be has already been” ( 3:15a ) parallels “God seeks [to repeat] that which has occurred [in the past].” This is the most popular approach among English versions: “God restores that which has past” (Douay), “God seeks again that which is passed away” (ASV), “God seeks what has passed by” (NASB), “God seeks what has been driven away” (RSV), “God seeks out what has passed by” (MLB), “God seeks out what has gone by” (NRSV), and “God is ever bringing back what disappears” (Moffatt).
28. Ecclesiastes 3:15 tn The phrase “in the past” does not appear in the Hebrew text, but is supplied in the translation for clarity.
29. Ecclesiastes 3:16 tn Heb “under the sun.”
30. Ecclesiastes 3:16 tn Or “righteousness.”
31. Ecclesiastes 3:17 tn The phrase “a time of judgment” does not appear in the Hebrew text, but is supplied in the translation for clarity.
32. Ecclesiastes 3:18 tn The phrase “it is” does not appear in the Hebrew text, but is supplied in the translation for clarity.
33. Ecclesiastes 3:18 tn Heb “the sons of man.” The phrase עַל־דִּבְרַת בְּנֵי הָאָדָם ( ʿal divrat b ^e ne haʾadam ) is handled variously: (1) introduction to the direct discourse: “I said to myself concerning the sons of men” (NASB), (2) direct discourse: “I thought, ‘As for men, God tests them’” (NIV), (3) indirect discourse: “I said in my heart concerning the estate of the sons of men” (KJV), and (4) causal conjunction: “I said, ‘[It is] for the sake of the sons of men.” Since the phrase “sons of men” is contrasted with “animals” the translation “humans” has been adopted.
34. Ecclesiastes 3:18 tn The meaning of לְבָרָם ( l ^e varam , preposition plus Qal infinitive construct from בָּרַר ,  barar , plus third person masculine plural suffix) is debated because the root has a broad range of meanings: (1) “to test; to prove; to sift; to sort out” (e.g., Dan 11:35 ;   12:10 ); (2) “to choose; to select” (e.g., 1 Chr 7:40 ;   9:22 ;   16:41 ;   Neh 5:18 ); (3) “to purge out; to purify” (e.g., Ezek 20:38 ;   Zeph 3:9 ;   Job 33:3 ); and (4) “to cleanse; to polish” ( Isa 49:2 ;   52:11 ); see HALOT 163 s.v. בָּרַר ; BDB 141 s.v. בָּרַר . The meanings “to prove” (Qal), as well as “to cleanse; to polish” (Qal), “to keep clean” (Niphal), and “to cleanse” (Hiphil) might suggest the meaning “to make clear” (M. A. Eaton, Ecclesiastes [TOTC], 85-86). The meaning “to make clear; to prove” is well attested in postbiblical Mishnaic Hebrew (Jastrow 197-98 s.v. בָּרַר ). For example, “they make the fact as clear (bright) as a new garment” ( b. Ketubbot 46a) and “the claimant must offer clear evidence” ( b. Sanhedrin 23b). The point would be that God allows human injustice to exist in the world in order to make it clear to mankind that they are essentially no better than the beasts. On the other hand, the LXX adopts the nuance “to judge,” while Targum and Vulgate take the nuance “to purge; to purify.” BDB 141 s.v. בָּרַר 4 suggests “to test, prove,” while HALOT 163 s.v. בָּרַר 2 prefers “to select, choose.”
35. Ecclesiastes 3:18 tn The two infinitives לְבָרָם ( l ^e varam , “to make it clear to them”) and וְלִרְאוֹת ( v ^e lirʾot , “and to show”) function as a verbal hendiadys (the two verbs are associated with one another to communicate a single idea). The first verb functions adverbially and the second retains its full verbal force: “to clearly show them.”
36. Ecclesiastes 3:19 tn Heb “of the sons of man.”
37. Ecclesiastes 3:21 tn Heb “the spirit of the sons of man.”
38. Ecclesiastes 3:22 tn Heb “man.”
39. Ecclesiastes 3:22 tn Heb “his works.”
40. Ecclesiastes 3:22 tn Heb “his.”
41. Ecclesiastes 3:22 tn Heb “what will be after him” (cf. KJV, NASB, NIV) or “afterward” (cf. NJPS).